Confucianism Arose To Ensure - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 594 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Philosophy Essay Level High school Tags: Confucianism Essay Did you like this example? By three methods we may learn wisdom: First, by reflection, which is noblest; Second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest(Confucius). Confucius was born in 551 B.C in Lu, China. He was a Chinese philosopher that taught through the 3 core values of Confucius. He believed in finding harmony. His teachings inspired an idea called Confucianism. Confucianism is known as a civil religion. It is not a religion but more of a system of societal values, many of which align with other religions. During the 6th and 5th century B.C. in Chinese society, Confucianism arose to ensure social order continued. Harmony can be reached through three simple values: filial piety, ritual consciousness and humaneness. These values are foundational to understanding Confucianism. Filial piety is the first and foremost important of the three core values. It is the root of most of the beliefs in Confucianism. The junzi works on the rootonce the root is planted, the dao is born. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Confucianism Arose To Ensure" essay for you Create order Filiality and respect for elders, are these not the roots of ren?(Confucius, 1.2). In Chinese the word ren means humanity and the word junzi means a capable person. Confucius is referring to how filial piety is one of the rudimentary values that help one reach harmony or ren. Filial piety is the relationship between family members. Confucianism focuses primarily on the relationship between a parent and a child. A parent is expected to care for their children when they are young and a child will care for their parent when theyre old. When the parent dies filial piety does not end, it continues into the afterlife. Descendants should offer sacrifices to their ancestors, such as meat and wine. In order to reach harmony, one must obey their elders and continue building relationships in the afterlife. Ancestral worship is a supporting belief of Filial piety. It goes hand and hand with filial piety. Ancestral worship is simply the extension of filial piety into the afterlife. Ancient Chinese societies revolved around ones place in the home and the people around them. When a parent dies, it is normal for a son or daughter to grieve for a three year period. This mimics the first three years of a childs life that requires lots of care and supervision. Humaneness is the second essential belief in Confucianism. This is the general concern for other human beings. The silver rule is a teaching of Confucius that many live by today. What I do not wish others to do to me, I do not wish to do to others(Confucius, 5.12). The silver rule is a version of the golden rule that projects humaneness. Ren means humanity in Chinese. Confucius thought that all people have the ability to be kind and caring. One of the overarching beliefs of Confucianism is that people are born good or with good instincts. Confucius also taught that education helps leads to a civil society, and without education, people grow to be uncaring, hateful, impulsive. The final core value of Confucianism is ritual consciousness or propriety. There were three main versions of philosophy, Realism, Legalism, and Confucianism. Realism and Legalism state that rigid laws should determine how a nation should run. Contrary to Realism and Legalism, Confucianism bases in rituals. Rituals were common in Ancient China, most were sacrifices to the gods. Confucius thought social rituals were a necessity for a sophisticated society.Through Li life is properly ordered and harmony is established (Carroll, 2018). Confucist rituals consisted of crucial events in a persons life, such as birth, mariage and death.

Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles - 822 Words

â€Å"My parents are really well intended, and I think their way of dealing with things is denial and guilt. Nobody wanted to talk about it. But all I did was blame myself.† This quote, from actress Teri Hatcher about her own childhood also relates to Oedipus’s situation from Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. Sophocles‘ Oedipus Rex tells the story of a monarch named Oedipus whowho becomes the unfortunate victim of circumstances beyond his control. In Oedipus Rex, Oedipus‘ downfall is not a result of excessive hubris or his actions, but rather his parents’ disgraceful actions and uncontrollable aspects of fate. Oedipus’ parents actions and decisions are a major element in Oedipus’ tragic downfall. Before Oedipus is born, Laius and Jocasta, the†¦show more content†¦The driver struck Oedipus to get him to move out of the way, but this enraged the young man, who continued to fight and kill the driver and the man he was transporting - Ki ng Laius.† (Oedipus 1) At this revelation, Oedipus discovers that he fulfilled the prophecy of the Oracle, and blinds himself in his grief. Laius and Jocasta should never have abandoned Oedipus on Mount Cithaeron. If Jocasta and Laius had raised Oedipus instead of Polybus and Merope, then Oedipus wouldn’t have inadvertently killed his father or unknowingly married his mother and the prophecy foretold by the Oracle at Delphi would never have come true. Oedipus could not control the fact that his parents abandoned him on Mount Cithaeron nor did he intentionally marry his mother. Jocasta and Laius and Oedipus‘ tragic downfall by trying to prevent the prophecy from coming true and allowing their own selfishness get in the way of doing what was best for their child. They were so concerned about their own lives that they did not care about Oedipus and cruelly cast him aside. Laius and Jocasta’s ineptness as parents are primary causes of Oedipus‘ defea t; Oedipus was in no way responsible for his parents actions and decisions. Random acts of fate also play an important role in Oedipus‘ tragedy. Fate is also an importantShow MoreRelatedOedipus Rex, Sophocles1252 Words   |  6 PagesOedipus the ideal Tragic Hero Kelli Richards Liberty University Abstract In the play Oedipus Rex, Sophocles portrays Oedipus who is also the main character, as a good- natured, beautiful, noble yet narcissistic person who has a lapse of judgment and fall from power. Throughout the play Oedipus makes a few profound decisions for which he is condemned to plentiful suffering;Read MoreOedipus Rex by Sophocles683 Words   |  3 PagesThe play Oedipus Rex is a Greek tragedy written by Sophocles during a time when Athens was the major power of the world. During this period, people believed that the Gods had control over their destiny. The play itself opens up as a detective story, because there is murder, and mystery surrounding the murder, as well as solving the mystery as the central theme and ultimate conclusion of the story. A plague has befallen the city of Thebes and so King Oedipus sends his in-law Creon to the Oracle ofRead MoreEssay on Sophocles Oedipus Rex1369 Words   |  6 PagesSophocles Oedipus Rex As the plot in Sophocles famous play Oedipus Rex unfolds, many aspects of the relationship between ancient Greeks and their gods are revealed. It demonstrates that the people couldRead MoreThe Characters Of Oedipus Rex By Sophocles973 Words   |  4 PagesMaya Fleischer Ms. Hampson World Lit II CPA 11/7/17 Oedipus Essay Whether positive or negative, individuals have various characteristics that define them. Many people struggle to find a balance between confidence and arrogance. Oedipus, King Laius, and Queen Jocasta fall into this category, as they all possess this character flaw. Throughout Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, these characters make decisions based on what is best for themselves. Sometimes putting yourself before others is necessary forRead MoreOedipus Rex by Sophocles Essay1829 Words   |  8 PagesOedipus Rex by Sophocles In Sophocles Oedipus the King which is a tragic play, which discusses the tragic discovery that Oedipus has killed his father and married his mother. Oedipus is the embodiment of the perfect Athenian. He is self-confident, intelligent, and strong willed. Ironically these are the very traits which bring about his tragic discovery. Oedipus gained the rule of Thebes by answering the riddle of The Sphinx. Sophocles used the riddle of The Sphinx as a metaphor forRead MoreOedipus Rex by Sophocles889 Words   |  3 PagesSophocles’s Oedipus the King, fate is primary theme in the play. The influence of fate goes beyond the play but how Greeks viewed fate entirely. Also, Oedipus somewhat represented the Athenian political system and the people of Athens by his leadership. And lastly, having the play unfold, one is able to sympathize with Oedipus and strike pity and fear rather than disgust from his sins. The power of fate in Oedipus the King was one that shaped the entire story. In the beginning of the play, Oedipus heardRead MoreOedipus Rex by Sophocles1222 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus a man who’s fate was out to get him, the great king of Thebes formerly prince of Corinth. He had to face many struggles in his life that he had well caused, and even though Oedipus tried to escape his fate by leaving Corinth. His true fate lied in Thebes while Corinth was just an obstacle. Oedipus is a man who in a way caused his own fate to be brought out into the light revealing everything. It was all because of Oedipus determination to figure out who killed the great king before him LaiosRead MoreThe Unavoidable Fate In Oedipus Rex By Sophocles1010 Words   |  5 PagesDestiny Fate is an unavoidable force that controls life. Oedipus Rex by Sophocles is a Greek tragedy about Oedipus finding the truth about his origin, while also trying to save the city of Thebes from a terrible plague. Oedipus unknowingly ends up killing his father and marrying his mother. When the truths about his sins are discovered, Oedipus blinds himself and exiles himself from Thebes. Oedipus ultimately could not control fate. Oedipus could not control the fate of citizens of Thebes as a kingRead MoreThe Flaws Of Arrogance In Oedipus Rex By Sophocles796 Words   |  4 Pagesonce said, â€Å"None are so empty as those who are full of themselves.† The words ring true through the character Oedipus whose tragic flaw of arrogance brought his downfall. In his timeless play, Oedipus Rex, author Sophocles unflinchingly illuminates the haughtiness and hubris displayed by the hero Oedipus. Through his candid exploration of the ship/captain and light/dark motifs, Sophocles makes an e ffort to ultimately bring the reader to the realization that arrogance creates an illusion to the truthRead MoreThe Value Of Leadership In Oedipus Rex By Sophocles1326 Words   |  6 PagesBased on evidence, Athenians valued bravery, confidence and heroic strength in their leaders. For example, the entire reason Oedipus from Oedipus Rex by Sophocles became king of Thebes is because he defeated the Sphinx that was guarding the city, saving the citizens (info from the backstory). On page 11, a senator makes the comment, â€Å"if his bosom holds a grain of fear, curses like yours he never will abide.† The reader can assume the Athenians valued bravery because the senator makes a comment against

American Airline Rainbow Team-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the American Airline Rainbow team and its Strategy to Target the LGBT Segment. Answer: Introduction Marketing management is considered as the discipline of organizational discipline which mainly focuses on the practical application of marketing orientation and techniques inside organization. This report will be reflected the analysis of case study which topic is American Airline's Rainbow Team its Strategy to Target the LBGT Segment. It will define the concepts of market which would be helpful for further studies. Marketing segmentation is a process which divides potential customers in to group. A complete discussion will be mentioning in this report regarding marketing environment, market research, consumer behavior, targeting and positioning, products and services, decision of distribution, integrated marketing communication and price consideration (Guaracino and Salvato, 2017). These above elements will be helpful for student to know more about case study. Case study will be analyzed effectively by taking all elements which is mentioned above. American airlines American airlines are a well repudiated airline in all over the world. The head quarter of its situated at Forth Worth, Texas, U.S.A. It was founded in 1930 and it was considered as one of the largest airline which was known by its services to the customers. It has 900 aircrafts in its fleet. The marketing and sale team of American Airline was strong. With the help of marketing and sale team American airlines was able to being a first airline to enhance the specialty market and sales team for LGBT, African Americans, women customers and Hispanics. Marketing concept Marketing concept refers the research and analysis of the customers to formulate strategies so that they can make aware about the brand awareness, cross promote and transfer viewers into ongoing clients. Marketing concept is just the philosophy in which enterprise analyzes the needs and demands of customers and then builds decision to satisfy them. Logo was a channel of gay cable. In April 2009 when Logo launched a travel website which is dedicated to LGBT community, American Airlines came ahead at that time to become a site wide sponsor. There was a team which name was Rainbow team and the marketing manager of rainbow team was appointed to put focus on the LGBT segment (Vorobjovas?Pinta and Hardy, 2016). It was said by George Carancho manager of rainbow team that we would do work hard to make high reputation of American Airlines in the progress of LGBT. The partnership with Trip out Gay Travel and LGBT will help AA to bring most efficient services to LGBT customers. AA was the first company to an LGBT focused marketing and sales team. The marketing program had been started in the early 1990s was later renamed with Rainbow Team and it was led by Bett Young and Carrancho, who was gay and lesbian respectively (Alonso, 2013). Consumer behavior Consumer behavior is the concept which shows that how individuals, groups and organization select products and consume them. It is necessary for the marketers to know the behavior of consumer. There are several steps which have been followed by consumer to take decision. Firstly consumer find the problem, problem recognition arises when consumer find the difference between current position of affairs and desired position (Puar, 2013). After that consumer search the information from family, commercial approach and public approach. Once a customer recognized the problems and explored the possible options then he evaluate the alternatives. Purchase decision of consumer is must but it can be two types one is purchase intention and purchase decision. AA airlines identified the behavior of consumer efficiently and after that it started to provide the services appropriately (Borges, Ulbricht and Pallas, 2016,). It initiated AA.com website on 2008 which was enabled to check the fares of trav elers and also had access to check the range of travel offers. Image: process of customer decision making Source: ( Witeck, 2014). Segmenting and targeting American airlines had approached market segmentation and after analyzing the market it started to provide the services to LGBT. An American airline was the first airline that made so many strategies so that it could able to target LGBT segment. AA had also made a name for itself in the field of inclusion policies and diversity (Berezan, Raab, Krishen and Love, 2015). According to case study of American Airline's Rainbow Team its Strategy to Target the LBGT Segment, it has been analyzed that AA has 15 groups of employee resources which were known by its diversity and varieties of communities. These groups were appointed for the purpose of give guidance and ideas about airlines business initiatives (Visser, 2014). AA airline had set up councils which are divided into two parts, first one was focused on women travelers and second one is made for LGBT travelers. These were the segmentation process of AA airlines to its business and LGBT was the target market for AA airlines. Due to effe ctive services it has been analyzed by the experts that AA had successfully tapped the rapid growing segment of LGBT. Figure 2: Market segmentation for airlines Source: (Wanke and Barros, 2016) Were off again defines that there is many kind of travelers who travel frequently via airlines. They are considered as the experienced travelers who are likely to be a loyal for airlines. These kinds of segments have significant ability to attract the other customers to make purchase decision. The second market segmentation is for quiet regular airline travelers. The main purpose behind traveling of travelers is mostly personal reason or holidays. This kind of travelers are considered as the highly brand loyal. This segment of airlines is long term and gauged as an ideal target market for airlines. Urgent travelers are infrequent as they travel not in frequent basis. The involvement of traveler in this segment is made on urgent basis because they travel for certain reason such as wedding or funeral. In that condition airlines sold its ticket at premium rate. The segmentation of airlines for business travelers is the market which is relatively brand loyal to an airline. Positioning and branding Positioning is an act which involves the implementing of targeted market. Positioning strategy includes target customers and competitors. AA had chosen to position itself and that is why it involved in the sponsorship of LGBT. As per case study it has been analyzed that AA had launched the microsite in November 2005, which was mainly targeted to the segment of LGBT. It was observed by airline industry that it was the first site which aimed at tapping the LGBT segment based on their travel habits (Lucena, Jarvis and Weeden, 2015). The microsite has been listed with special 50 destinations to the LGBT travelers and along with that it offered special vacation packages to them. By approaching those kinds of strategies AA was enabled to make position in the airlines. It was one of the main factors which attracted so many travelers to American Airlines. It was the microsite which was enabled to combine airfare of LGBT with other services such as rental car, hotels and packages of tour. It was offered by American Airlines that whosoever booked trips through microsite would get bonus up to 1000 miles. These miles could be purchased by traveler in the use of travel packages booking including rental of hotels and many more. Brand is an image which is able to attract customers towards services and products. American Airline was branded airline and it involved in so many activities so that progress of country can move ahead. Carrancho was the manager of LGBT who said that once again we are proud to lead as a first U.S. airline in the airline industry with its own packages. These were all the aspects which were covered by American Airline to being as branded. Marketing management Marketing management is a process through which individuals or groups achieved what they need. It is the management of satisfaction of customers at a profit. Without considering the competition focus on satisfaction of customers referred as marketing management (Hollensen, 2015). There are so many features and content which was offered by AA.com or Rainbow team. There were no booking fees from the side of AA for LGBT and along with that AA provided number of services to LGBT such as lowest fare, e-special news letter, small business travel program, community calendar of LGBT and many more. This kind of marketing management by American Airlines made position of US airlines in all over the world. AA was not believed in advertising to the segment of LGBT (Olson, 2017). Nevertheless, it was the company that advertised this community online. It was analyzed through case study that there was no requirement of advertisement for the first ten years. It was perception of American Airlines tha t dollars could have been invested in the sponsorship and LOGO. As per the case study market research has been conducted by Harris interactive and Witeck combs and it has been founded by them that among all online adults, lesbian and Gay spent most of their time in most popular three sites that is facebook, friendster and Myspace. AA teamed up to approach them and enhance the popularity of LGBT segment. To target audience Facebook was gauged as one of the most popular social networking site (Kauhanen, 2015). As resulted the sales and marketing team of American Airlines earned huge profit from LGBT segment. It was a part of the American Airlines that people who work unwilling to self identifies but also likely to travel in American Airlines because of its friendly credentials regarding LGBT. It has been analyzed through case study that American Airlines gained high levels of brand loyalty among the LGBT customer. The customers of entity LGBT was very satisfied and preferred American Airlines to travel anywhere because of their services. As per the commitment of Manager of LGBT segment that the core principle of marketing LGBT that the situation of both parties will be same. It was the concept of American Airlines that profit should be considered not only for the organization that also the community Conclusion It has been concluded that marketing management is a management which is done by business to earn more profit. LGBT used to refer collectively lesbian, gay bisexual and transgender people. American Airlines was one of the airlines who took sponsorship of LGBT segment and provided to my services regarding LGBT. The entire report has been made with the help of case study American Airline's Rainbow Team its Strategy to Target the LBGT. In this report the Marketing concept of American Airline has been discussed which represent the Research and Analysis of the customer so that they could aware about brand. The Concept of marketing has been discussed through considering LGBT segment of American Airlines. Consumer behavior, segmenting targeting, positioning and branding are the main elements of the concept of market which has been mentioned in this report. Marketing management is a management that takes care of the need of customer and tries to make them satisfied by providing better servi ces. It was a different approach by American Airlines to make itself different from other Airlines. It has been analyzed through case study that competition was set to increase in LGBT segment in the form of companies but American Airlines was effective enough resolve the issue regarding services of LGBT. Recommendation American airlines were one of the airlines that started LGBT segment. However, this report has been made on the marketing management but there is some recommendation which should have in the procedures of American airlines. American airlines should consider another segment as well because as it is not possible for the company to connect with all customers. Segmentation is the approach which helps to divide the customers into different segments. Targeting is a part of market segmentation which focuses on targeted market (Limpanitgul, et. al., 2017).it has been recommended that the manager of the specific segment should be genuine and have leadership skill. In 2003, American Airline has declared at the official airline of more National and local LGBT leadership organizational than any other field (Cattan and Vanolo, 2014). It was a great effort that was put by American Airlines in the favor of LGBT segment and due to it; there are so many awards and recognition they got. It has been ev aluated that in comparison of before so many airlines has come in this field that started to provide services to LGBT segment. It is recommended to American airlines to provide different services so that differentiation can be made. This difference can be made by providing different services such as special offer on tickets of LGBT segment. AA can hire candidate from the community of LGBT segment, it would encourage them to study more and get high professional life. AA should hire candidate of LGBT community not only for providing services to LGBT segment but also other segments. It will encourage equality among people. Apart from that AA should take care of competitive advantage and promote LGBT segment via advertising, referral and by accepting many more way References Alonso, M, 2013, A Case Study on LGBT Tourism: An Isomorphist Opportunity with Regard to an Emerging Segment, InBest Inclusion Practices(pp. 168-188). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Baker, M.J., 2014,Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Berezan, O., Raab, C., Krishen, A.S. and Love, C., 2015, Loyalty runs deeper than thread count: An exploratory study of gay guest preferences and hotelier perceptions, Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,32(8), pp.1034-1050. Borges, M.C., Ulbricht, M.R. and Pallas, F., 2016,When Culture Trumps Economic Laws: Persistent Segmentation of the Mobile Instant Messaging Market, InInternational Conference on the Economics of Grids, Clouds, Systems, and Services(pp. 115-126). Springer, Cham. Cattan, N. and Vanolo, A., 2014, Gay and lesbian emotional geographies of clubbing: reflections from Paris and Turin,Gender, Place Culture,21(9), pp.1158-1175. Guaracino, J. and Salvato, E., 2017,Handbook of LGBT Tourism and Hospitality: A Guide for Business Practice, Columbia University Press. Hollensen, S., 2015,marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kauhanen, S., 2015, Think Pink in Tourism-A Study of LGBT+ Tourism. Limpanitgul, T., Limpanitgul, T., Boonchoo, P., Boonchoo, P., Kulviseachana, S., Kulviseachana, S., Photiyarach, S. and Photiyarach, S., 2017, The relationship between empowerment and the three-component model of organisational commitment: an empirical study of Thai employees working in Thai and American airlines,International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research,11(2), pp.227-242. Lucena, R., Jarvis, N. and Weeden, C., 2015, A review of gay and lesbian parented families travel motivations and destination choices: gaps in research and future directions,Annals of Leisure Research,18(2), pp.272-289. Olson, E.D., 2017, An exploration of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender pride festival sponsors, InJournal of Convention Event Tourism(Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 60-73). Routledge. Puar, J., 2013, Rethinking homonationalism,International Journal of Middle East Studies,45(2), pp.336-339. Visser, G., 2014. Gay and Lesbian Tourism Practices,The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Tourism, pp.435-444. Vorobjovas?Pinta, O. and Hardy, A., 2016, The evolution of gay travel research,International Journal of Tourism Research,18(4), pp.409-416. Wanke, P. and Barros, C.P., 2016, Efficiency in Latin American airlines: a two-stage approach combining Virtual Frontier Dynamic DEA and Simplex Regression,Journal of Air Transport Management,54, pp.93-103. Witeck, B., 2014, Cultural change in acceptance of LGBT people: lessons from social marketing,American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,84(1), p.19

Nature of the Insurance Business

Question: Discuss about the Report for Nature of the Insurance Business. Answer: 1. The nature of the insurance business is such that it has immense risk as the potentially liabilities in certain sectors such as aviation would be in millions. These risks may be operational, credit, underwriting or market related. Hence, to excel in such a business adherence to the prudential norms along with effective risk management framework is imperative. However, HIH unlike other insurance companies through its faulty policies and inappropriate acquisition strategies enhanced the overall business risk. It did not have follow the industry norms and standards with regards to prudential norms and any disaster could potentially make the company bankrupt as the ability to settle huge claims was limited. Instead, the company relied on reinsurance which is a comparatively very high risk policy. However, despite the faulty business model, the company ventured into providing insurance to high risk sectors such as marine which was highly unadvisable. Also, the various investment plans offered to customers had dismal returns which enhanced the overall business risks. Cumulatively, the core issue of the company was its reckless internal working which did not involve much planning and prudent risk management thus resulting in high business risk for the business (Arens et. al., 2013). The factors to be considered are highlighted below. Non-adherence to the industry regulation norms for risk management and instead including reinsurance at the heart of the risk management meant that the business risk was increased by manifolds and the company was adversely impacted (Gay Simnett, 2012). Lack of due diligence while acquiring FAI Insurance coupled with limited board meetings for discussion of the proposal. The company ended up paying a premium for the acquisition which was not justified and the led to huge financial burden which increased the underlying inherent risk (Arens et. al., 2013). Quid Pro Quo relationship with the external auditor through the usage of consulting contracts meant that the auditor independence was severely compromised and therefore the various lapses with regards to the company and its business policies were not highlighted. This led to higher inherent risk as the owners could run the business as per their whims in collusion with auditor (Livne, 2015). Appointment of ex-auditors to the Board of Directors led to the compromised decision making which would not be in the best interest of the company and thereby allow the imprudent policies to continue and hence cause increased inherent risk (Livne, 2015). 2.1) The relevant case that the auditors can cite for defence against the clients is the Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman [2000] case. As per the relevant fact of this case, the clients were given the choice of going for either market rate of return or fixed rate of return when the insurance policy was issued. Every time the market rate was lower than the fixed rate promised, the directors stating the objective of maintaining parity between the returns of both policyholders reduced the terminal bonuses of the policyholders that had opted for fixed returns. Since the fixed returns customers were at a loss, hence the matter was dragged in the court where the partners of the partnership were held guilty of using their discretion in bad faith and they were made liable for the losses incurred by the policyholders (Swarb, 2015). 2) The useful case that the auditors can cite for defence against the creditors is the Raskov vs. Stapke Harris [2010] case. This case allowed for legal determination under the specific conditions when the partnership actually assumed a specified stance and the same may be forwarded by the counsel of the auditor in this case to ward off any liability arising from the creditors due (Notforlaw, nd). Any situation involving negligence needs that the following three conditions are to be obeyed. The defendant must have a duty to care with regards to the plaintiff. To ascertain this, the defendant must ascertain whether his/her decision to engage in a particular action or to refrain from the same would have any impact on the plaintiff or not. In case, the plaintiff could be impacted by the decision, then the defendant needs to ensure that reasonable care be extended to the plaintiff so that he/she must not be protect against foreseeable damages arising from the choices of the defendant (Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] AC 562 at 580) (Lindgren, 2011). Once the duty to care is established, it needs to be ascertained that the defendant has indeed breached the duty to care. In this regard, it is imperative that defendant must take reasonable measures that a third party would take so as to ensure the safety of the interests of the plaintiff which may be adversely impacted by the decision by defendant. However, if appropriate level of care is not extended to the plaintiff in according with the foreseeable risk, then breach of duty is seemed to take place (Davenport Parker, 2014). Damages need to be incurred by the plaintiff and these must be on account of breach of duty by the defendant. In order to conclusively prove this, it is imperative to establish that if the breach of duty would not have taken place, the damages to the plaintiff were avoidable. However, any damage which is not related to breach of duty or could not have been avoided in case of duty being adhered to, then such cases would not be constitute as negligence (Taylor Taylor, 2015). 3. The decision by the company to offer board position to the previous auditors is a highly dubious step which indicates towards a compromised relation between the two entities. The appointment of not one but three partners seems to justify the largesse doled out by the management for the benevolent auditing services provided by the auditors. The glimpses of this relationship are visible in HIHs case earlier also when high fees was paid to auditors for consulting but still the glaring procedural and policy deficiency was never indicated. It is highly unlikely that the auditors never realised these issues but their independence was compromised and actions driven by self-interest (Arens et. al., 2013). There are obvious advantages of appointing the auditor as the consultant to the firm. The most obvious gains is in the form of superior quality with lesser time and lower cost. On the back of the consulting services, the business model and the underlying risks are better understood which helps tremendously for the audit purpose. The auditor could frame a better enhanced strategy taking into consideration the key aspects of the business along with the level of controls. Similarly, during consulting also, the solutions could be customised keeping in mind the tax implications for the client along with inventory and level of cash flow etc. Hence, the services become better and consume lower time and cost due to synergies (Arens et. al., 2013). Even if the law permits the auditor to offer consulting services, it would be ethical not to use the same firm for both audit and non-audit services. This is recommended since in such situation, the auditor may be caught in a conflict of interest which is best avoided specially in the current scenario where the management provides consulting contracts to auditors based on the flexibility displayed by them during auditing. This is not a healthy precedent and needs to be curbed (Gay Simnett, 2012). Similarly, appointment of previous auditors to the board is highly unethical since it raises concerns regarding boards independence of behalf of shareholders and hence leads to higher agency costs. Further, this may be detrimental to the auditing profession whose credibility is on the decline and hence the profession needs to go the extra file to establish the credibility for the users or its relevance would be lost (Livne, 2015). d) The HIH insurance failure fuelled various concerns in regards to the level of disclosures by the corporate and also issues pertaining to auditor independence. The Ramsay report focused on the issue of auditor independence and recommended the following (Parker, 2002). Auditor independence statement needs to be included as part of the annual report. An auditor declaration with regards to the Board independence included as part of the annual report. Constraining of the auditor client relationship to enhance investor confidence. The constitution of an auditor independence supervisory board was called for to probe the matters of auditor independence. Audits committees scope of activities and role require a drastic increase The above steps suggested would enhance the standards of auditing and would ensure that the incidence of auditors caught in compromising situation would reduce tremendously. This is required due to the deteriorating quality of audit services which puts a question on their relevance (Gay Simnett, 2012). The focus of CLERP 9 was on enhancing the general disclosures made by the firms and thereby strengthens the corporate governance framework. The disclosures were to be included in the annual report and included disclosures such as remuneration and directors report. Also, it recommended that periodic auditor rotation must be done so as to prevent quid pro relation between the auditor and client (Clout, Chappelle Gandhi, 2013). Hence, it is expected that these measures would bring about greater independence of auditors through more information dissemination (Arens et. al., 2013). References Arens, A., Best, P., Shailer, G. Fiedler,I. 2013. Auditing, Assurance Services and Ethics in Australia, 2nd edn., Pearson Australia, Sydney Clout, V, Chappelle, E Gandhi, N 2013, The impact of auditor independence regulations on established and emerging firms,Accounting Research JournalVol. 26, No. 2, pp. 88-108 Davenport, S Parker, D 2014, Business and Law in Australia, 2nd eds., LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Fearnotlaw nd, Raskov vs. Stapke Harris, Available online from https://www.fearnotlaw.com/wsnkb/articles/raskov_v_stapke__harris-33634.html (Accessed on August 29, 2016) Gay, G. Simnett, R. 2012. 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